<h4>Introduction :</h4>
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science with a br...
<h4>Introduction :</h4>
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science with a broad and diverse scope, focused on developing smart machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. Applications of AI include visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation. AI is an interdisciplinary field with growing importance across multiple sectors.
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Modern healthcare systems generate vast amounts of data, making AI increasingly relevant in healthcare services. Various AI technologies are now being used by healthcare providers and payers. Major applications include patient engagement and adherence, diagnosis, treatment recommendations, drug discovery, and administrative management.
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The term Artificial Intelligence was first introduced in 1956 by <span>John McCarthy</span> and colleagues during the Dartmouth Conference. Earlier foundational concepts included the Turing Test proposed by <span>Alan Turing</span> as a benchmark of machine intelligence, along with early AI programs such as the chess-playing system developed by <span>Dietrich Prinz</span>.
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AI systems in healthcare generally begin with large volumes of data. Machine learning algorithms analyze this data to extract useful information and generate actionable insights for solving healthcare challenges. These systems assist in tasks such as matching patient symptoms with appropriate physicians, disease diagnosis and prognosis, drug discovery, language translation, and interpretation of medical images and records.
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<h4>Background :</h4>
<p>
Tracheostomy is one of the most commonly performed procedures worldwide,...
<h4>Background :</h4>
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Tracheostomy is one of the most commonly performed procedures worldwide, mainly in critically ill patients requiring prolonged ventilation, facial trauma management, laryngeal fractures, or laryngeal malignancy. Transition from endotracheal intubation to tracheostomy offers several advantages including better airway care, preservation of laryngeal function, improved patient comfort, reduced need for sedatives and analgesics, earlier ventilator weaning, and potential for speech and oral intake. This ultimately reduces ICU and hospital stay, making care more cost-effective.
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<h4>Methods :</h4>
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This prospective observational study was conducted in the 22-bedded neuro ICU and medical ICU of Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Data were collected from 1st August 2021 to 28th February 2022. All patients requiring tracheostomy for prolonged intubation, airway protection, or tracheobronchial toileting were included.
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<h4>Results :</h4>
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A total of 71 patients were included, with 54.9% male and 45.1% female (ratio 1.2:1). The age ranged from 18 to 82 years with a mean age of 53.25 years.
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<p>
The most common indication for percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy was prolonged intubation (40.8%), followed by airway protection (38%) and pulmonary hygiene maintenance (21.1%).
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<h4>Conclusion :</h4>
<p>
Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy is a safe and effective bedside procedure for critically ill patients, offering multiple clinical benefits with minimal invasiveness.
</p>mainly done in the critically ill patients requiring long term ventilation, facial trauma, laryngeal
fractures, laryngeal malignancy, etc. Converting from endotracheal intubation to tracheostomy
has many benefits in terms of maintaining the laryngeal function, feeding, safety and it is
more comfortable than endotracheal intubation. Tracheostomized patients requires less
analgesics and sedatives. It also helps in easier and early weaning from mechanical ventilator,
possibility of speech, initiation of oral intake of medication. This all contributes to shorter ICU
stay and hospital stay which becomes more cost effective.
Methods: This is a prospective observational study that was conducted in the 22 bedded
neuro intensive care and medical intensive care unit of Birat Medical College and Teaching
Hospital. The data were collected from 1st Aug 2021 to 28th Feb 2022. All the patients needing
tracheostomy for prolonged intubation, protection of airway and to maintain tracheobronchial
toileting was taking under study.
Results: Our study was a prospective observational regarding percutaneous dilatational
tracheostomy. A total of 71 patients were included in the study. Out of which 39(54.9%) were
male and 32(45.1%) were female with the ratio of (1.2:1). The age of the patients ranged from
18-82 years with the mean age of 53.25. The most common indication of percutaneous
dilatational tracheostomy was prolonged intubation and that accounted for 29(40.8%) of the
patients which was followed by airway protection 27(38%) patients and to maintain the
pulmonary hygiene was seen in 15 (21.1%) patients.
Conclusion: Tracheostomy is among the most frequently performed procedures in critically
ill patients. Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy is a safe and feasible procedure performed
at bedside with minimal invasive technique in ICU.
<h4>Background :</h4>
<p>
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a key stabilizer of the knee, co...
<h4>Background :</h4>
<p>
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a key stabilizer of the knee, contributing to both rotational and anteroposterior stability. ACL injury is a major knee joint pathology. Common clinical tests used for diagnosis include the anterior drawer test, Lachman’s test, and pivot shift test. This study evaluated the accuracy of Lelli’s test in detecting ACL tears and compared it with MRI findings.
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<h4>Methods :</h4>
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This study included 100 patients attending the outpatient department of Orthopedics, Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Bogura, from February 2022 to February 2023. Patients aged 20–60 years presenting with knee symptoms such as pain, locking, or giving way were included. Detailed clinical examination for knee instability, including Lelli’s test, was performed using standard techniques and recorded. All patients underwent MRI of the knee, and results were compared to assess the reliability of Lelli’s test as a screening tool for ACL injury.
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<h4>Results :</h4>
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A total of 100 cases were included with a mean age of 35 ± 9 years. The majority were male (98%). Right knee involvement was most common (80%). Sports activities were the leading cause of injury (85%), and the most frequent symptom was giving way (82%).
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Lelli’s test demonstrated a sensitivity of 94.18% (CI 70.93–94.57) and specificity of 93.33% (CI 79.85–97.17).
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<h4>Conclusion :</h4>
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Lelli’s test is a simple clinical tool with high sensitivity and specificity and can be effectively used as a screening method for ACL injury in both acute and chronic cases.
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<h4>Background :</h4>
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Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in neonates is one of the most commo...
<h4>Background :</h4>
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Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in neonates is one of the most common causes of neonatal mortality. This study aimed to investigate socio-demographic, maternal, and neonatal factors associated with RDS in a tertiary care hospital setting.
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<h4>Methods :</h4>
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This cross-sectional study was conducted at Dhaka Medical College Hospital and Ad-din Women’s Medical College Hospital from 1st January to 31st December 2017. A total of 186 purposively selected neonates were included. Data were collected through document review and face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire and checklist.
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<h4>Results :</h4>
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Regarding maternal factors, 61.3% of mothers had at least four antenatal checkups and 87.1% had institutional delivery. Caesarean delivery was present in 52.7% of cases. Maternal comorbidities included hypertension (17.2%), diabetes mellitus (10.8%), oligohydramnios (14%), and PROM (37.1%).
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RDS was more common in preterm neonates (<37 weeks, 85.5%) and low birth weight infants (<2500 g, 90.3%). Multiple pregnancy accounted for 28% of cases. Clinical features included grunting in 62.4% and chest retraction in 92.5% of neonates.
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<h4>Conclusion :</h4>
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Although many risk factors for RDS are not preventable, they are predictable with proper antenatal care. Early identification of high-risk pregnancies can help ensure timely diagnosis and management, thereby reducing neonatal mortality.
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<h4>Objective :</h4>
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In this study, 50 patients with neck swelling were evaluated to compare c...
<h4>Objective :</h4>
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In this study, 50 patients with neck swelling were evaluated to compare clinical diagnosis with histopathological findings and assess diagnostic reliability.
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<h4>Methods :</h4>
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This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, from July 2015 to June 2017. Diagnostic tools including fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), MRI, CT scan, and histopathological examination of postoperative specimens were used. Data were analyzed using tables, graphs, and figures.
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<h4>Results :</h4>
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Among 50 cases, 19 were male and 31 were female (male:female ratio 1:1.63). The age ranged from 4 to 60 years, with most patients in the 4th decade. The majority of patients were from lower socioeconomic groups.
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Histopathology revealed tubercular lymphadenopathy in 12 cases, metastatic carcinoma and lymphoma in 5 cases each, nodular goiter in 12 cases, thyroid carcinoma in 5 cases, and the remaining cases were benign, congenital, or nonspecific inflammatory conditions.
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FNAC provided correct diagnosis in 45 cases. In 5 cases, results were either unsatisfactory or inconclusive. Among inconclusive cases, 3 were follicular neoplasms, which were later confirmed as 1 follicular adenoma and 2 follicular carcinomas on histopathology.
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FNAC sensitivity was 91% for tuberculosis, 100% for metastatic carcinoma and salivary gland tumors, 92% for nodular goiter, and 60% for thyroid malignancy. It showed 100% accuracy in diagnosing papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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<h4>Conclusion :</h4>
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FNAC is a highly useful diagnostic tool that can significantly reduce the need for open biopsy. Despite some limitations, it remains a reliable method for evaluating neck masses.
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<h4>Background :</h4>
<p>
Refractive error in children aged 5–15 years is an important public heal...
<h4>Background :</h4>
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Refractive error in children aged 5–15 years is an important public health problem. Myopia and hypermetropia are leading causes of refractive errors in this age group. These conditions cause visual impairment but can be significantly improved through appropriate refractive correction. Population-based studies show that nearly half of the correctable visual impairment in children remains unaddressed, particularly among those living in disadvantaged socioeconomic conditions.
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<h4>Methods :</h4>
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This observational study was conducted among 100 children from the village Darisharifpur, Upazila Bera, District Pabna, using random sampling. Children aged 9–15 years were included. Data on refractive errors and related variables were collected and analyzed.
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<h4>Results :</h4>
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A total of 100 children with visual problems or reduced visual acuity were examined. The prevalence of refractive error was 11%. Myopia was the most common refractive error (46%), followed by hypermetropia (25%) and astigmatism (27%). Among cases, 63.63% had refractive error ranging from −0.50D to −1.99D. Most visual acuity findings were within the range of 6/9 to 6/18.
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<h4>Conclusion :</h4>
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Myopia and hypermetropia are the leading causes of refractive errors in children aged 5–15 years. These conditions are visually impairing but can be effectively managed with proper refractive correction.
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